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Since 1969 the characterization of bulk solids has been the focus of the work of the "Working Party on the Mechanics of Particulate Solids" of the European Federation of Chemical Engineers. Led by John Williams and Jan Novosad the WPMPS developed the first international standard on the measurement of the flow properties of bulk solids during the 1970's and 80's. After its publication in 1989 this "Standard Shear Testing Technique for Particulate Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell" or SSTT became the common worldwide basis for silo design.

Later work on shear testing, like the BCR 215 or the ASTM Standard D6128 "Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell", although making small modifications to the method, made the SSTT an internationally acknowledged officially standardized method.

Globalization has made us feel that anything documented in internationally accessible standards must be usable for everybody. However, the knowledge about proper shear testing spreads only slowly through the educated world. It is my believe that one reason for this unsatisfactory state remains the language barrier. Therefore, I am very glad that after the German translation published in 2005, now an Czech edition of the SSTT becomes available. I would specifically like to thank Dr. Jiri Zegzulka of the University of Ostrava who provided the translation, for his great efforts. I hope that this translation will help to spread the knowledge of shear testing and flow properties especially in the new member countries of the European Union.

Ludwigshafen, 21. September 2005

Hermann Feise
(Chairman Working Party on the Mechanics of Particulate Solids)

Seit 1969 befasst sich die "Working Party on the Mechanics of Particulate Solids" der European Federation of Chemical Engineers, EFCE, mit der Charakterisierung von Schüttgütern. Unter der Führung von John Williams und Jan Novosad entstand in den siebziger und achtziger Jahren ein gemeinsamer Standard, in dem erstmals die Methodik des Scherversuchs in einer Jenike-Scherzelle zur Bestimmung des Fließverhaltens von Schüttgütern umfassend beschrieben wurde. Seit der ersten Fassung der SSTT (Standard Shear Testing Technique for Particulate Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell) im Jahr 1989 ist dieser Standard die Grundlage für die Auslegung von Silos für nahezu alle Schüttgüter der Welt.

Nach Abschluß der Arbeiten zur SSTT sind im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens BCR 215 Scherversuche von einigen Instituten in Europa durchgeführt worden, wofür wiederum ein feines Kalksteinpulver verwendet wurde. Aufgrund der immer noch vorhandenen Streuungen der Messwerte wurde die SSTT in einigen Punkten modifiziert bzw. ergänzt. Im folgenden werden Hinweise auf diese Version der SSTT mit dem Hinweis SSTT-BCR6 gekennzeichnet. Ein Teil dieser Modifikationen hat auch Eingang in die im folgenden beschriebenen Arbeiten der ASTM gefunden.

Im Jahr 1998 veröffentlichte die ASTM den Standard D6128 "Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell", in dem die Methodik des Jenike Scherversuches festgeschrieben wurde. Basierend auf dem schon in der SSTT beschriebenen Vorgehen steht mit ASTM D6773 auch eine Norm für Scherversuche mit dem Ringschergerät zur Verfügung.

Trotz aller Globalisierung musste ich bei vielen Anlässen feststellen, dass das Wissen über die SSTT und das richtige Vorgehen bei Scherversuchen nur langsam allgemein bekannt wird. Ein Hinderungsgrund ist auch heute noch die Sprachbarriere. Aus diesem Grund hat mich seit 1998 die SSTT auf vielen Flügen begleitet. Nirgends hat der geneigte Ingenieur schließlich mehr Ruhe, um sich in ein Buch zu vertiefen. Aus meinen zunächst sehr bruchstückhaften Notizen entstand dann im Laufe von vier Jahren diese erste Übersetzung der SSTT ins Deutsche. Ich hoffe, dass sie zu einer weiteren und schnelleren Verbreitung des Wissens über Scherversuche und Fließeigenschaften, nicht nur in Deutschland, sondern auch und gerade in den neuen Mitgliedsländern der Europäischen Union, beitragen kann. Es freut mich daher besonders, dass die Dechema sich bereit erklärt hat, diese Übersetzung zu vertreiben.

Mein besonderer Dank gilt Birgit Dullinger, die in den vier Jahren immer an dieser Übersetzung mitgeschrieben und geduldig meine wenig leserlichen Notizen in eine veröffentlichbare Form gebracht hat. Mein Dank gilt auch Detlef Höhne und Harald Wilms, die mit mir als deutsche Delegierte in der Working Party on the Mechanics of Particulate Solids arbeiten und die Aufgabe des Korrekturlesens übernommen und viele Hinweise auf neuere Erkenntnisse beigetragen haben.

Ludwigshafen, den 15. Mai 2004

Hermann Feise
(Chairman Working Party on the Mechanics of Particulate Solids)

The field of particle technology embraces many disciplines, yet does not fall within the domain of any specific professional body such as mechanical or chemical engineering. It has also emerged comparatively recently as a distinct technology, with rigorous measuring tools for quantifying flow related properties and other behavioural aspects in handling and process plant. As a consequence of a lack of recognition of the subject as an established format with major industrial implications, education in the subject has been impeded by minuscule coverage within most university syllabuses. This approach tends to be reinforced by wide acceptance of empirical maturity by some industries in which the technology is applicable and the paucity of quality textbooks available to address the scope and value of the subject.

The British Materials Handling Board perceived the need for a Dictionary of Terms in Particle Technology as an introductory tool for non-specialists and students in this subject. Co-incidentally, a draft of a Glossary of Terms in Particulate Solids was in compilation. This concept originated as a project of the Working Part for the Mechanics of Particulate Solids, in support of a web site initiative of the European Federation of Chemical Engineers. The Working Party decided to confine the glossary on the EFCE web site to terms relating to bulk storage and flow, and relevant powder testing. Lyn Bates*, the UK industrial representative to the WPMPS leading this Glossary task force, decided to extend this work to cover broader aspects of particle and bulk technology and the BMHB arranged to publish this document as a contribution to the dissemination of information in this important field.

The value of the Glossary is seen as being particularly useful to newcomers to this extensive subject. Explanations are provided for key terms in the various sections that merit a deeper appreciation than a strict basic definition. Suggestions are included for preferred terms that eliminate ambiguity or misinterpretation. A universality of expressions for use in technical documents and publications is also an implicit aim. It is inevitable that within the range of terms included will be some that merit a more comprehensive or different description, and undoubtedly a formidable number of exclusions that would enhance the list. The publishers are not responsibility for any errors, omissions or statements made in this publication. The information is presented for information only and not intended for action without independent substantiating investigation on the part of a potential user. The definitions are presented by the author and not necessarily endorsed by the British Materials Handling Board or its publishers.

This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the International Copyright Convention. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright, Deigns and Patent Act, 1988, no part may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically, electrical, chemical, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. Unlicensed multiple copying of the contents of this publication is illegal. Enquiries should be addressed to: - The Secretary, British Materials Handling Board, 14 Moss Manor, The Avenue, Sale, Cheshire. M33

The work is dedicated to C.K. Andrews, who lit the path of professionalism for the author.

* Other books by Lyn Bates include:- ' User guide to Segregation ' , published by BMHB and
' Guide to the Design, Selection and Application of Screw feeders ' published by the I.Mech.E.

British Materials Handling Board -Glossary of Terms in Powder and Bulk Technology.

One of the tasks of the Working Party on the Mechanics of Particulate Solids (WPMPS) of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering has been to assess the reliability and reproducibility of measurements of the flow properties of particulate solids.
In 1979, J. Schwedes presented a survey of the various types of equipment used for measuring the flow properties of particulate solids and pointed out that the most widely used and versatile instrument for this purpose was the Jenike Shear Cell . The WPMPS therefore decided to investigate this measuring technique in more detail.
As a first step samples of a fine calcite powder were distributed to over 20 laboratories all over the world and in each laboratory the flow properties were measured using the Jenike Shear Cell available using the technique customary in that laboratory. A comparison of the measurements showed that there was some scatter in the results obtained.
After detailed analysis of all the experimental results it was concluded that for reliable measurements of the flow properties of particulate solids using the Jenike Shear Cell a standardised testing technique should be specified in sufficient detail to eliminate operator and equipment variation.
The only detailed description of the Jenike Shear Cell and its use is the manual prepared by Jenike & Johanson Inc., 'Flow Factor Tester and Consolidating Bench Operating Instructions (1979 version) . These operating instructions are only available on the purchase of a shear tester.
The WPMPS therefore set up a task group to draw up a Standard Shear Testing Technique (SSTT). Dr. A. W. Jenike provided further detailed instructions for operating the Jenike Shear Cell to aid the task group in its work. From these detailed instructions and the experience of members of WPMPS a new Standard Testing Procedure has been drawn up which in some details differs from that described in the Jenike and Johanson manual cited above.
Since a basic understanding of the principles of shear testing is needed for the reliable measurement of particulate solids flow, an introductory chapter 'Principles of Shear Testing' has been included as Chapter 2.
The present technique is based on the current state of the art but it is expected that the SSTT may need to be revised after further research. The SSTT is intended to help all those engaged in shear testing or who need to be acquainted with the technique. It is recommended that those who do not have practical experience should first attend a course on shear testing. Such courses are presented by several institutions and consulting companies.
Since the terminology used in discussing the mechanics of particulate solids is not completely standardised, the WPMPS drew up a Glossary of Terms on Storage and Flow of Particulate Solids which is included as an Appendix.

Covering the whole value chain - from product requirements and properties via process technologies and equipment to real-world applications - this reference represents a comprehensive overview of the topic. The editors and majority of the authors are members of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering, with backgrounds from academia as well as industry. Therefore, this multifaceted area is highlighted from different angles: essential physico-chemical background, latest measurement and prediction techniques, and numerous applications from cosmetic up to food industry.
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Covering the whole value chaine - from product requirements and properties via process technologies and equipment to real-world applications - the two-volime work represents a comprehensive overview of the topic.
The editors and majority of the authors are members of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering, and they describe here best practice in product design and production, taking in fundamentals, technologies and applications.
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